Kuti apulumutse lingaliro la ufulu wakudzisankhira ku mulu wa metaphysical, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ayenera [a] kutsutsana mosamalitsa motsatira mfundo zakuthupi ndi [b] kupyola pa kufotokoza kwamwayi kwa Hume ndi kutsimikiza mtima. Brembs (2010) amakhulupirira kuti adachita izi. Yankho lake ndikuwunikira kusinthasintha kodabwitsa kwa machitidwe omwe chamoyo chimatha. Kupanga makhalidwe osinthika m'malo mongotengera momwe zimakhalira zimalola chamoyo kuthawa adani, kupitilira olimbana nawo, ndikupeza mipata yatsopano yodyetsera ndi kukweretsa. Kusunga machitidwe osinthika ndikokhazikika komanso kosinthika. Sindinavomereze zambiri.
Khalidwe ndi laulere, a Brembs akuwonetsa, ngati ali osinthika kwambiri kuposa zolimbikitsa zomwe zimatsogolera. Ngati palibe kusinthasintha kwakukulu, khalidwe ndi kuyankha chabe; ngati pali chowonjezera, pali zochita. Zamoyo zomwe zimayenda popanda kusonkhezeredwa mwachionekere ndi mphamvu yakunja zimaoneka zikuyenda. Brembs amapereka zitsanzo za invertebrates zomwe zimasuntha, ngakhale kuti zinthu sizinasinthe. Akamasuntha kwambiri komanso kusuntha mosadziwiratu, m'pamenenso amamasuka. Sindikuvomereza.
Taganizirani khalidwe la ntchentche zomangidwa. “Ngakhale kuti m’chilengedwe mulibe chilichonse chimene chinachititsa kuti nyamazo zisinthe khalidwe lawo, zinapitirizabe kuyambitsa machenjerero awo kumbali zonse. Mwachiwonekere, chilichonse mwa machitidwewa chinali chochita mwachisawawa osati kuyankha ku chisonkhezero chakunja” (p. 934).
Nanga bwanji zolimbikitsa zamkati? Pokhala makina ovuta kwambiri, ubongo umadzilimbikitsa wokha, kapena m'malo mwake, mbali zake zambiri zimalimbikitsana. Popeza tavomerezana kuti sipangakhale zochitika zatsopano zongochitika zokha za kudzoza kwa metaphysical, ndiye kuti zomwe zimawoneka ngati zatsopano komanso zatsopano kwa wowonera ziyenera kukhala chifukwa cha ntchito yolemera koma yachinsinsi. Mudzadzuka, kunena, m'mawa, mwinamwake ngakhale mutagona m'chipinda chopanda kumverera; ndi chokwawa nachonso (sangathe kutsimikizira zamoyo zopanda msana). Kodi tiyenera kuganiza kuti kudzuka n’kodzifunira? Brembs angafunikire kuyankha motsimikiza chifukwa amasamala kuti asatengere chidziwitso (monga momwe timadziwira) kuchokera ku tanthauzo lake la ufulu wosankha, zomwe zimamulola kuti aphatikizepo zopanda msana. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti machitidwe mwina ndi kuyankha kwa zokopa zam'mbuyo (ie zotsimikizika) kapena zimachitika mwachisawawa, zomwe zimandibweretsanso ku dichotomy ya Hume.
Ngati simukupeza chitsanzo chodzutsacho kukhala chokhutiritsa, nanga bwanji zamitundu ina yamakhalidwe amisala? Makhalidwe ena a psychotic amakhala osasinthika, koma ena amakhala osinthika, osatengera chilengedwe chawo, chifukwa chake "openga" mopanda nzeru. Njira zodzikongoletsera zamkati zamaganizidwe a psychotic sizili zaulere. Maganizo akanakhala omasuka, akanasiya kudzisangalatsa kotereku ndikuthetsa kuvutika.
Brembs amakhulupirira kuti “kusiyana kwa zinthu mwamwayi ndiponso kufunikira kwake n’kosathandiza kaamba ka zinthu zovuta kumvetsa monga chisinthiko ndi kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo. Zochitika zotere zimaphatikiza zigawo zingapo zovomerezeka komanso zosatsimikizika” (tsamba 933). Kodi zinthu izi ndi ziti, zovomerezeka komanso zosadziwika? Ndikukayika kuti ngakhale khalidwe lozungulira la ntchentche ndilokhazikika. Zikanakhaladi mwachisawawa, zikanakhala zovomerezeka bwanji? Kunena kuti khalidwe ndi losasintha mwalamulo kungakhale kunyoza mawu oti lamulo. Nanga bwanji za chisinthiko? Ngati titenga malingaliro a Darwin omwe si a teleological, timawona kusinthasintha kwachisawawa ndi kulimbikitsa zomwe zimagwira ntchito pambuyo pake. Chisinthiko "sichimayambitsa" kusiyanasiyana "kuti" kuyesa malingaliro, monga Brembs amakhulupirira kuti ntchentche zake zimachita.
Brembs imayankhulirana ndi Laplacian determinism poyang'ana pa kudzipanga nokha komanso kusadziwiratu. Ndithudi, kuphunzira za luso lodzilinganiza lokha ndi luso lachinyengo la nyama kumachititsa chidwi kwambiri. Chowonadi chosasangalatsa chokhudza kudzipanga tokha ndikuti sikungokhala nyama zokha, ngakhale anthu. Kudzipanga nokha kuli paliponse m'chilengedwe. Kudzipanga nokha ndi chilengedwe. Zomera zili nazo, nthawi ili nazo, dziko lonse lapansi lili nalo (Lorenz, 1963). Aliyense amene akufuna kupereka malingaliro pa ufulu wosankha ayenera kusamala kuti asafotokoze zambiri. Ngati ufulu wakudzisankhira (popanda kuzindikira) uli wotsika mtengo m'chilengedwe chathu, kusakhazikika kwaumunthu kumagwa, kutayika kwa iwo omwe akufuna kupulumutsa ndi omwe amasamala kuti anthu aziyankha mlandu ndi kuwalanga. Zotsutsana zomwe Brembs akupereka zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe kuposa momwe akuwonekera.
Kudzipangira tokha komwe timawona kulikonse komanso komwe kumatsutsana ndi kulosera kulikonse kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi masamu achisokonezo (Hofstadter, 1979). Kuchokera ku zosiyana zazing'ono zoyamba ndi njira zosavuta zobwerezabwereza, kusiyanasiyana kodabwitsa ndi kosayembekezereka kumachitika; ndipo chilichonse nchovomerezeka ndi chokhazikika. Lingaliro lomwe limagwira ntchito motere silingachitire mwina koma kumva kudodometsedwa pamene limadziyang'ana lokha. Simungamvetsetse momwe kuvutikira kwake kudayambira pakugawika kosalekeza kwa ma aligorivimu osavuta. Posimidwa, mzimu uwu umakhulupirira kuti ndi waulere. Landirani lingaliro laufulu chifukwa njira ina ndiyovuta kwambiri. Ntchentche zili ndi mwayi kuposa ife: sizisamala.
Brembs, B. (2010). Kulingaliro la sayansi la ufulu wakudzisankhira ngati chikhalidwe chachilengedwe: zochita zokha ndi kupanga zisankho mwazopanda msana. proc. R. Soc. B 2011 278, 930-939.
Hofstadter, RD (1979). Gödel, Escher, Bach: kuluka kwagolide kosatha. New York: Mabuku Oyamba.
Lorenz, E. N. (1963). Kutsimikiza kopanda nthawi. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 20, 130-141.
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