Imibono Yokucubungula Ulwazi.

 

1. UKUZIphendukela kwemvelo

Amathiyori okucubungula ulwazi abhekisa kumanje obheka isihloko njenge iyasebenza mayelana nokuchaza ukuziphatha kwabo. Ukuziphatha, ngokomthetho, akugxilile emicabangweni yangaphandle kodwa endleleni yokucubungula, ukukhuluma noma ukuhlaziya ulwazi. Kuwuhlelo lokucubungula lapho ezinye izakhi zikwazi ukusebenzisana nendawo ezizungezile, uhlelo olukwazi ukuqhathanisa, ukuhlukanisa, ukugcina nokudala izakhiwo ezintsha zomcabango.

Amathiyori okucubungula ulwazi asho ukunqotshwa kombono wokuziphatha. Zibandakanya izakhi nezehlakalo ezenza ulwazi kukhulunywe ngalo ngendlela ehlukile.

I-Geneva School iphuma noPiaget, futhi u-Eysenck, uCattell, uChomsky nabo bayavela ... Bonke laba babhali bayabuza ngokuziphatha, incazelo eyenziwe ngaphambilini mayelana nokuziphatha komuntu. Babheka ukuziphatha komuntu hhayi nje njengento yangaphandle nenhloso, kodwa futhi into yangaphakathi kanye ne-subjective. Kudalwa isikhashana senhlekelele esivusa ukubhekisisa indaba ngelinye iso ngoba ukuziphatha komuntu kufanele kuchazwe ngokuthile okungaphezu kokuphendula isikhuthazo. Ukuziphatha komuntu akusabhekwa njengento yangaphandle nenhloso futhi iqala ukwaziswa njengento yangaphakathi kanye ne-subjective. Kudalwa imisinga eminingana yokuphikisa ukuziphatha:

• Isikole saseGeneva: Abavikeli bePIAGET.
• Iqembu lamaFactorialists: Abavikeli be-CATTEL ne-EYNSENCK.
• Isikole saseSoviet: Abavikeli be-LURIA ne-VIGOTSKY.

Bonke bazama ukutadisha ukuziphatha komuntu ngokukunikeza isakhiwo esivumelanayo esisho izethulo zengqondo ezizama ukuchaza ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye.

Kuma-factorialists kuzoba yizakhiwo zengqondo, kumaPiageti kuzoba yizakhiwo zokucabanga (amasu) kanti kumaVygotskyans ayizakhiwo zengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimiswe ulimi kanye nokuxhumana nendawo ezungezile. Bonke bafuna ukuchaza ukuziphatha komuntu ngokunikeza isakhiwo esizimele (uhlobo oluthile lwengqondo olusebenza ngezethulo), kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuziphatha kuchazwa futhi kusekelwe ezethulweni. Kumafekthri, lesi sakhiwo sizokwakhiwa amandla engqondo, kuPiaget azoba yizimo zengqondo (amasu, ukungezwani kwengqondo, ibhalansi, ukungalingani…). Nokho, ku-Vygotsky izakhiwo zizonqunywa yisimo solimi nesimo senhlalo.

Ngo-1948, uchungechunge lwababhali, phakathi kwabo, uSimon noLashley, ochungechungeni lwabonisa ukuthi inyunyana ne-canon ye-behaviourist isho ukungenakwenzeka kocwaningo lwesayensi lokuziphatha komuntu. Indlela yokuziphatha kufanele ihlelwe futhi ihlelwe, ayikwazi ukuphuma ngaphandle kwesifundo, kodwa ivela ngaphakathi kwesifundo. Kuleli qophelo yisikhathi lapho kuvela khona imisinga yengqondo nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, okwenza konke lokhu okungenhla kube nokungabaza.

E-Hixon, ngo-1948, u-Kiener, uLaslhey noSimon baphikisana ngokuthi i-behaviorist yamanje ayinaso isisekelo esanele sesayensi sokuchaza ukuziphatha komuntu nokuthi lokhu kuziphatha kufanele kuhlelwe, okungafanele kuvele ngaphandle kodwa ngaphakathi kwesihloko. Lokhu kwavulela ithuba ukuvela kobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Amathiyori okucubungula ulwazi abhekisa ekwakhiweni kochungechunge lwamanethiwekhi.

Isendlalelo semibono yokucubungula ulwazi.

I-psychology yokucubungula ulwazi yaqala ukwakheka ikakhulukazi phakathi kuka-1920 no-1960 njengomphumela wamaqembu amabili amakhulu: i-United States ne-Great Britain. Yisikhathi eside esigqugquzelwa uphenyo lwamasosha ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ekuqaleni ucwaningo lwenziwa elabhorethri bese ludluliselwa ezikhungweni zokusebenza. Izandulela eziyinhloko yiGreat Britain kanye ne-USA phakathi kuka-1920 no-1960, ikakhulukazi ezenzeka ezindaweni zokucwaninga.

UCWANINGO E-GREAT BRITAIN:

E-Great Britain uzothola I-Cambridge Psychology Lab no-Bartlett, Njengomcwaningi, uthuthukise ukuhlaziywa kwezimo zangempela kanye nokubaluleka kohlelo njengento evumela ukuthi siqonde ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye esimweni esithile. Uhlelo lubhekwa njengokulandela inkumbulo okuqoqa ukuzwa okudlule. Umuzwa omusha ngamunye ofika ebuchosheni ulungisa iphethini yangaphambilini. Inomlingiswa wokuqonda, njengoba izikimu ziyizakhiwo ezingaqondakali ezicushwa ekusebenzelaneni nendawo ezungezile. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yohlelo ukuhlela ulwazi nokulungiselela isakhiwo esisha salo. Lokhu kuzobizwa kamuva nguPiaget "ukulinganisa."

Ifunda ukuziphatha komuntu ngezimo zangempela, futhi ihlanganisa umqondo we-schema njengento echaza ukuziphatha komuntu, umkhondo enkumbulweni oqoqa ukuzwela okudlule, ngendlela yokuthi inzwa ngayinye efika ebuchosheni iguqule i-schema. U-Bartlett unikeza uhlelo uhlamvu lokuqonda kwengqondo, ngendlela yokuthi izikimu ziyizakhiwo zokuqonda zemvelo engabonakali ezicushwa ngendlela yokuthi isihloko sixhumana nemvelo. Inhloso yalolu hlelo ukuhlela ulwazi.

Isikhungo socwaningo se-Applied Psychology noCraik (umfundi kaBartlett): Imisebenzi yangaphambili kaBartlett ilandelwa ezidingweni zeMpi Yezwe II. Craik, waqala uphiko lwezengqondo ngeminyaka yama-40s. Ugxile ekuphenyeni imiphumela yokubanda nokushisa lapho enza umsebenzi, emandleni okucubungula ulwazi lapho luvela emithonjeni ehlukene nangezikhathi zokusabela. Izingxenye zokuhlaziya zimi kanje:

• Imisebenzi yokuqapha ebhekene nobunzima bokuthola imikhumbi-ngwenya ezikrinini ze-radar.
• Imiphumela yokubanda nokushisa ebunzimeni bomsebenzi iyahlaziywa.
• Amandla okucubungula ulwazi avela emithonjeni ehlukene.
• Isifundo sezikhathi zokusabela ezisusa ezithile.
• Ikhono lokucubungula ulwazi oluvela emithonjeni ehlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Okwashintshwa elabhorethri kaCraik kwaba BROADBENT, umfundi kaCraik. I-Broadbent ishicilela umsebenzi obizwa nge-"Perception and Communication", lapho ihlanganisa ama-tªs okucubungula ulwazi. Kuyinhlanganisela yocwaningo kanye nezifundo ezenziwe kuze kube yileso sikhathi ekucutshungulweni kolwazi ngokombono wemibono yengqondo.

I-Broadbent ingeyokuqala ukusungula ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa kufanele siqondwe njengenethiwekhi lapho ulwazi lugeleza khona, lugcinwe futhi luvumele ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo. Le SN yenza isisekelo samashadi agelezayo okuqala. Yile ndlela esiqala ngayo ukukhuluma ngamaqhuqhuva, izitolo zememori, ukufaka amakhodi, ukutakula ...

UPHENYO E-UNITED STATES:

Sihlangana naye Stevens Harvard University Psychoacoustics Laboratory, lapho ucwaningo olugxile emthelela womsindo ekwenzeni umsebenzi lwenziwa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, e-US kukhona Ilabhorethri ye-Reaction Psychology, ngesandla se I-Fitsh, esizinikezele ekuklameni imisebenzi yamaphrofayili okuziphatha "iziphi ukuziphatha okuphumelelayo emisebenzini ethile", ngenxa yalokhu zisebenza umbono wendawo nokunyakaza.

Sithola ne- I-Air Force Psychology noma I-Aviation Psychology Laboratory con Iyalingana. Kuyo, amaphethini okuziphatha ahlukene aphenywa futhi ahlaziywa ukuze kwenziwe ngempumelelo umsebenzi maqondana nombono wesikhala nokunyakaza. I-Fitts iphethe ukufunda amaphethini okuphendula avumelana kakhulu nomsebenzi ngamunye owenziwayo.

IMITHETHO YE-Psychology YEMIFUNDO:

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-50, ngenxa yocwaningo lwangaphambilini, i-Educational Psychology ithole amathonya abalulekile. Umsebenzi wawo wonke la ma-laboratories uveza ithonya lama-currents ama-3:

1. Amakhompyutha: Izinto ezisivumela ukuthi sicubungule ulwazi oluningi futhi senze imisebenzi eminingi njengobuchopho bomuntu. Ngakho-ke kuvela isingathekiso sakudala sekhompiyutha nesomuntu.

Ngenxa yalokho, iminyaka yobuhlakani bemizwa. Amakhompiyutha aqondwa njengezakhi ezivumela izenzo eziningi ukuba zenziwe. Lo mqondo udluliselwa kumuntu ngamunye futhi ubangele ukufundwa kwezinhlelo eziningi ukuze isihloko sikwazi ukucubungula ulwazi oluningi futhi sixazulule izinkinga. Ukuba khona kukaSimon noNewel ekuthuthukisweni kwesingathekiso sekhompyutha. I ukuhlakanipha okufakelwayo ibheka ukuthi ukufunda kuwumphumela wokusebenzelana phakathi kwemvelo, ulwazi nolwazi lwangaphambilini. Ukuqonda ulwazi njengokuxhumana kwengqondo okubizwa ngama-schemas, hhayi njengezinhlangano zokuphendula ukuvuselela. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda kuzoba ukutholwa kwezinhlelo zangaphakathi ezahlukahlukene zesifundo.

Bayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi eyayikade yenziwa amadoda. Umqondo wesingathekiso sekhompuyutha yengqondo uholela ophenyweni oluningi lapho kufunwa khona isifanisi somuntu. Yayicabanga yonke intuthuko ye-Artificial Intelligence lapho i-exponent enkulu ngaleso sikhathi i-Turing. I-AI ibheka ukuthi ukufunda kuwumphumela wezinto ezintathu eziguquguqukayo: Ukusebenzisana nemvelo, Okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini kanye nolwazi (olwakhiwe izinhlangano phakathi kwezakhiwo zengqondo).

Ukufunda kulokhu kusakaza kuhlanganisa ukuzuza izikimu ezintsha. Umqondo we-schema nokufunda uhlanganisa ukuhlinzekwa kwe-Cognitive Psychology.

2. Ukuthuthukiswa kolimi à Ithonywe yi- Chomsky ngezifundo zakhe ezihlobene nolimi. Umqondo wedivayisi yolimi, othi siyakwazi ukubona ulwazi, ukucubungula, ukufaka ikhodi kanye nokubuyisela ulwazi. U-Chomsky ufunda i-Psycholinguistics futhi usitshela ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-schemas kanye nesinye esakhiwe imvelo. Kukhiqizwa izifundo ngezinqubo zolimi nezikimu zokuthola ulimi. Ifuna ukuhlaziya izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa isifundo ekukhulumeni nasekufundeni.

3. Ithiyori kaPiaget Yezakhiwo Zokuqonda: Ukwakhiwa Kwe-Schema à Izifundo ze Piaget ukuhlaziya izakhiwo zezinqubo zangaphakathi ezisekela ukuvela kokuziphatha komuntu, kufaka phakathi imiqondo yokulinganisa, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ... Ikhuluma ngezimo ezihlukahlukene zezihloko, isihloko sithola izikimu kusuka ngaphakathi ngaphandle. Isihloko sinezinhlelo ezithile (izakhiwo) ezimvumela ukuthi asebenzisane nemvelo, yilapho kwenzeka ukuhlukana kwengqondo okubangela ukungalingani. Isihloko sihlela kabusha ulwazi, sikhiqize amaphethini amasha futhi sibuyela ekulinganeni. Uhlelo lusebenza kuze kufike ulwazi olungalinganiseli isihloko. UPiaget akenzi umnikelo kanjalo kupsychology yezemfundo, kodwa ukwenza kancane kancane njengoba efuna ukuchaza intuthuko ngesakhiwo somqondo. Khuluma nge i-cognitive dissonance (ukulinganisa kanye nendawo yokuhlala).

Njengomphumela wamathonya atholwe emkhakheni wezengqondo yezemfundo, ukushicilelwa okuningi kuyenziwa, lapho u-BRUNER no-AUSTIN begqama khona, abavikela ukuthi izinqubo zokuqonda zihilelekile ngaphakathi kwamasu okufunda. Yibo abethula amasu njengenqubo yokuqonda. Ngokulandelayo, i-MILLER (inombolo yomlingo 7 + -2, inkumbulo engenamkhawulo) kanye no-BALLAGHER kanye no-PRIBRAN babheka ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uyiphrosesa yolwazi efaka ikhodi, egcina futhi elandayo.

Cishe ngo-1956, izinkolelo-mbono zokucubungula ulwazi zaqala ukuvela. Izifundo ezimbalwa zisekelwe kumemori nasekulingiseni ikhompuyutha njengendlela yocwaningo.

Konke lokhu kuholela empumelelweni eminingi yesayensi. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1958 sizithola sinenani eliphakeme lamanje lokucabanga, umsinga wokucubungula ulwazi lapho incazelo yokuziphatha komuntu ihamba ngocwaningo lwenkumbulo ngokuphelele.

IZIMPAWU ZEMICIMBI YEMICIMBI YOLWAZI NGOKUKA-SIEGLER:

NgokukaSiegler, sithi izikhathi zokucubungula ulwazi zinezici ezintathu. U-Siegler usungula izici ezintathu ukuze achaze indlela yokucubungula ulwazi (ukucabanga, izindlela zokushintsha y ukuziguqula):

Umcabango: Ikhuluma nathi ngokucabanga mayelana nokukhohlisa nokuguqula ulwazi enkumbulweni ukuze kwakhiwe imiqondo, ukucabanga, ukucabanga ngokujulile, nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ucabanga ukuthi ukucabanga kuvumelana nezimo kakhulu njengoba kuvumela ukuzivumelanisa nokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko. Kufana nenkumbulo ememezelayo esizoyibona kamuva. Ngokuphathelene nokukhohlisa nokuguqula ulwazi enkumbulweni, ukuze kwakhiwe imiqondo, ukucabanga noma ukuxazulula izinkinga. Lokhu kucabanga kuvumela izifundo ukuthi zivumelane futhi zivumelane nezinguquko; Lezi zinguquko zenzeka njengoba isihloko sithintana nemvelo. Umkhawulo omkhulu womcabango onawo isivinini isihloko esingacubungula ngaso ulwazi.

Izindlela zokushintsha: Isungula izindlela ezi-4 zoshintsho ekucutshungulweni kolwazi:

1. Ukubhala ngekhodi. Inqubo lapho ulwazi lufakwa khona kumemori. Lokhu kuvumela ukukhuluma ngokukhethwa kanye nenguquko ekhuluma ngamasu wokwenza ikhodi kanye nokukhetha kolwazi. Isho inqubo evumela ulwazi ukuthi lufakwe enkumbulweni.
2. Okuzenzakalelayo. Kuqondwa njengekhono lokucubungula ulwazi ngomzamo omncane noma ngaphandle komzamo, ngeminyaka yobudala noma ngolwazi. Angamakhono okucubungula ulwazi ngomzamo omncane noma ongekho nhlobo. Itholwa ngokuqhubekayo ngeminyaka noma ulwazi lwesifundo.
3. Ukukhetha amasu. Izindlela noma amakhono athwebula ulwazi, akhethe, abandlulule futhi agcine (kuyizinqubo zenkumbulo). Ziyizinqubo noma izinqubo abafundi abazi ngazo ukuthi bangacubungula ulwazi oluthile.
4. Ukudluliselwa. Ikhono lokusebenzisa engikufundile kumongo kwesinye isimo esifanayo.

Kulokhu (cognitivism) yamanje asikhulumi ngokufunda kodwa ngokucubungula. Ukuziphatha okukhuluma ngokufunda.

• Ukuzilungisa: Kuwulwazi namasu engiwashintshayo noma engiwalungise ngokwendawo engisebenzisana nayo. Isib: Lungisa ulwazi lokushayela imoto ukuze ufunde ukushayela isithuthuthu. Lapha umqondo wesu le-metocognitive usuvele ufakiwe. Lo mqondo uhlotshaniswa ne-METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES: ukuhlela, ukuzilawula, ukulawula y ukuhlolwa. Umongo ezinganeni udlala indima ebalulekile futhi kufanele zazi ukuthi zididiyelwe kanjani: ulwazi, amasu kanye nemvelo noma umongo ngokusebenzisa amasu e-Metacognitive, kusukela:

1. ABAHLELAYO: kuze kufike ezingeni ingane ecabanga ngayo ukwenza ibalazwe lomqondo.
2. MAZITHIBA: Ngenza kahle, akulungile...
3. HLOLA: Ingabe umphumela womsebenzi uhambe kahle?

 

2. IMINININGWANE YOKUHAMBISANA KOLWAZI.

ISINGENISO IMIBONO YEMICIMBI YOKWENZIWA KOLWAZI:

SikuMETAPHOR YESIBILI: UKUFUNDA NJENGOKUTHOLA ULWAZI, lapho kuvela khona okokuqala okuguquguqukayo u-O Ukuvela kwethiyori yokucubungula ulwazi kuwumphumela wokushoda kwemibono evikelwa ukuziphatha.

Nakuba ukuziphatha ngokuyisisekelo kugxile ocwaningweni lokufunda ngokusebenzisa imibono esekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezisusa nezimpendulo zazo, imibono yokuqonda isekelwe ezinqubweni zengqondo zangaphakathi (umzimba). Umbono womuntu njengomcubunguli wolwazi usekelwe esifanisweni phakathi komqondo womuntu nokusebenza kwekhompyutha. I ikhompuyutha yamukelwa njenge-a isingathekiso yokusebenza kwengqondo yomuntu.

Ukucutshungulwa kolwazi kukhiqize ngaphezu kwakho konke izithiyori zenkumbulo. Amathiyori okucubungula ulwazi agxile endleleni abantu abanaka ngayo izehlakalo zemvelo, bahlanganise ulwazi okufanele lufundwe futhi baluhlobanise nolwazi asebenalo, bagcine ulwazi olusha ngenkumbulo futhi baluthole.uma uludinga.

Inkumbulo yikhono abantu abanalo lokurekhoda, ukugcina kanye nokubuyisa ulwazi. Ngenxa yalokhu yenza izinqubo:

• Ukubhala amakhodi (ukubhaliswa kolwazi).
• Isitoreji (gcina imininingwane).
• Ukubuyisela (Thola ulwazi lapho sifuna ukulisebenzisa).

Kuphela uma lezi zinqubo ezintathu zenzeka lapho sizokwazi ukukhumbula.

Ukucutshungulwa kolwazi kuqala uma a umfutho (okubonwayo, kokuzwayo) kuhlaba umxhwele inzwa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu (ukuzwa, ukuthinta, ukubona). I inkumbulo yezinzwa ithola umfutho futhi iyibambe isikhashana (Irejista yezinzwa ku-1 kuya ku-4 imizuzwana).

I-SENSORY MEMORY inomsebenzi wokugcina ulwazi ngesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze lube isevisi ngokukhetha  e ikhonjiwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucutshungulwa.

Indaba ayihlelekile ngokuphelele, njengekhophi yezinto nezenzakalo zezwe elisizungezile. Ingqondo yethu ijwayele ukuphoqelela ukuhlela nokuhumusha kulo lonke ulwazi olufakiwe. Kulapho izinqubo ezimbili zenzeka khona:

• Ukubona: Ukuqashelwa kwephethini. Kuyinqubo yokunikeza incazelo ku-stimulus, ukuqhathanisa okokufaka nolwazi olwaziwayo.
• I-Atención: Inqubo yokukhetha enye yedatha eminingi engenzeka.

IBROADBENT FILTER MODEL (1958)

Ulwazi lutholwa ku- inkumbulo yezinzwa NGEZINDLELA EZEHLUKILE. Isikhathi sokunaka silinganiselwe, akunakekeli izisusa ezimbalwa ngesikhathi.

Esinye seziteshi sikhethwa ukuze kucutshungulwe uhlelo lwemibono. Ezinye iziteshi ziyekiwe ukusebenza. Isisekelo sokukhetha singaba umbono (ukunaka kuncike encazelweni yesisusa). Empeleni siyaqhubeka nokuthola olunye ulwazi oluvela kwezinye iziteshi. Isihlungi empeleni singaba isinciphisi esehlisa iziteshi ezingagadiwe. Konke okokufaka kunakwa ngokwanele ukuze kusebenze ingxenye yenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Bese kukhethwa okufakiwe kuye ngomongo. Izici zimi kanje:

• Inombolo yemithombo yolwazi.
• Ukufana kwemithombo.
• Ukuxaka kwemithombo.

Amafonti angabikezeleki avame ukubamba ukunaka kwethu. Imithombo ebikezelwa kakhulu ayikuthathi ukunaka kwethu, njengoba kukhona ukujwayela kancane kancane ezisusa eziqhubekayo.

Abantu abanezinkinga zokunaka ABAKWAZI UKULAHLA NGOKUPHUMELELE IZITHUTHUMULO EZINGABALULEKILE, ngaleyo ndlela balayishe ngokweqile isistimu yabo yokucubungula futhi umsebenzi oyinhloko ulahleke phakathi kokufakwayo okuncintisanayo.

Izinga lamakhono emoto wokunaka:

1. Izinqubo ezizenzakalelayo: azidingi ukunakwa okuningi futhi zingasebenza ngokuhambisana nezinye izinqubo.
2. Izinqubo ezilawulwayo: kumele zenziwe ngochungechunge ngoba zidinga ukunakwa okukhulu.
   1. Njengoba umsebenzi olawulwayo uba yinjwayelo, ugcina usuzenzakalela.
   2. Ukuze okufakiwe kubonakale, kufanele kugcinwe kurejista yezinzwa futhi kuqhathaniswe nolwazi olukwiMemori Yesikhathi Eside.
   3. Ukubona kuncike kuzici zenhloso (zomzimba) zolwazi kanye nolwazi lwangaphambilini lwesifundo.

Ukuqashelwa kwephethini kuqhubeka ngezindlela ezimbili:

1. Ukucubungula kwe-DOWN-UP à Hlaziya izici futhi kwakha isethulo esizwakalayo ukuhlonza izisusa.
2. UP-DOWN processing à Amathemba ayakhiwa mayelana nombono osuselwe kumongo. Amaqiniso alindelwe futhi abonwa ngokufanele.
   1. Okulindelwe kunomthelela ekuboneni. Sibona okulindelekile hhayi okungalindelekile.
   2. Izimiso ezimbili zombono:
      1. I-Perceptual predisposition: sibona esikulindele noma esifuna ukukubona.
      2. Ukungaguquguquki kokubona: sigcina izici zesivuseleli zizinzile ngisho noma izimo zemvelo zihluka.

Ulwazi ludluliselwa KUNKUMBUZO YOKWENZA (ISIKHATHI ESIFUSHANE NOMA UKUSEBENZA), ehambisana nesimo sokuqwashisa, noma lokho umuntu akwaziyo ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuze iyunithi igcinwe kule nkumbulo kufanele ukubuyekeza, ngaphandle kwalokho ulwazi lulahlekile ngokushesha (cishe imizuzwana engu-15-25).

Ngenkathi ulwazi lusenkumbulweni yokusebenza, ulwazi oluhlobene neNKUMBULO YETEMU ESIDE, inkumbulo ehlala njalo, iyacushwa futhi ifakwe kumemori yokusebenza ukuze kuhlanganiswe ulwazi olusha. Ngakho-ke, inkumbulo esebenzayo iqukethe ulwazi olusha nolubuyisiwe oluvela ku-MLP.

Inkumbulo esebenzayo inomthamo olinganiselwe, lena inombolo yomlingo ye-Miller 7 (+/- 2).

BUFFER MODEL

Ulwazi lucutshungulwa ngokugcwalisa izikhala kuze kube yilapho singekho isikhala. Ukuze uthole indawo eyengeziwe, ulwazi kufanele lukhohlwe, lubhalwe ngekhodi noma lubhalwe kabusha. I inqubo yokubhala kabusha Iqukethe ukuhlanganisa izingcezu zolwazi ngendlela ethatha isikhala esincane kumemori yokusebenza.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zokubuyekeza:

1. Ukubuyekezwa kwesondlo à Kunqunyelwe ukugcina ulwazi ku-OM isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze lusetshenzwe (isb, ukuphinda inombolo yocingo).
2. Ukubuyekeza Okuningiliziwe à Dlulisela ulwazi kwimemori yesikhathi eside. Sungula ubudlelwano neminye imiqondo esevele iku-MLP futhi uthuthukise izinhlangano ezintsha naleyo miqondo.

I-CODING ihlanganisa ukubeka ulwazi esimweni esiphusile, esivumela ukutholwa kwalo okulandelayo.

IKHUMBULU ESEBENZAYO:

Inkumbulo yokusebenza inezingxenye ezintathu (Gathercole, 1993): isiphathimandla esimaphakathi, iluphu ye-articulatory, kanye ne-visuospatial ajenda.

1. Isikhulu esiphezulu à Ilawula ukuhamba kolwazi ngememori yokusebenza futhi iqondise ukugcinwa nokubuyiswa kolwazi ku-MLP.
2. Isibopho sokukhuluma à Igcina ukwaziswa ngekhodi yomlomo emfushane (Kubalulekile ohlelweni lokufunda).
3. I-Viso-spatial Agenda à Icubungula futhi igcine ulwazi olubonakalayo nolwendawo, okuhlanganisa izinto ezibhalwe ngekhodi njengezithombe ezibonakalayo.

Imisebenzi yememori esebenzayo imi kanje:

• Qhathanisa ulwazi esilutholayo nalokho esikugcine ku-MLP.
• Hlanganisa noma hlanganisa okokusebenza okumele kufundwe nendikimba yolwazi ehleliwe esiyigcine ku-MLP.
• Ukubuyekezwa kolwazi lokugcinwa kwayo ku-MO noma ukucaciswa kwayo ukuze kudluliselwe ku-MLP.
• Khiqiza impendulo.

IMIBONO ETHILE YOKUQHUBEKA ULWAZI:

IZIMPAWU ZOKULAWULWA KWE-ADAPTIVE YOKUcubungula kuka-ANDERSON:

Yithiyori eguquguqukayo yokulawula yomcabango noma ithiyori yokuvula Eyakhelwe kwisingathekiso sesibili. Umqondo uwukuthi izinqubo zokuqonda eziphakeme (inkumbulo, ulimi ...) ziyizibonakaliso ezihlukene zesistimu efanayo. Lolu hlelo lwakhiwe izinkumbulo ezintathu ezihlobene nomunye nomunye: inkumbulo ememezelayo, inkumbulo yenqubo kanye nenkumbulo yokusebenza noma esebenzayo.

Umbono oyinhloko ukuthi zonke izinqubo zokuqonda (inkumbulo, ulimi, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukungeniswa kanye nokudonswa ...) ziwukubonakaliswa okuhlukile kwesistimu efanayo, isistimu eyakhiwe izinkumbulo ezi-3: Okukodwa kokumemezela, inqubo noma inqubo kanye nenye inkumbulo yokusebenza noma isikhathi esifushane.

1. ISIKHUMBUZO ESIYENZAYO:

(Ihlinzeka ngolwazi mayelana nendlela umhlaba ohlelwe ngayo nokuthi kwenzekani kuwo. Inkumbulo ememezelayo isitshela ukuthi ulwazi lomhlaba luhlelwe kanjani nokuthi kwenzekani kuwo. U-Anderson uhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezintathu zenkumbulo). Inkumbulo ejabulisayo Inikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuthi umhlaba unjani nokuthi kufanele uhlelwe kanjani, ibhekisela olwazini, ukuthi yini into, olwazini lomhlaba futhi ihlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu zenkumbulo ememezelayo:

• Amaketanga esikhathi
• Izithombe
• Iziphakamiso

Kuyisikhumbuzo nge uhlamvu olumile, ukusebenza kancane kunenqubo futhi kwenzeka ezingeni lokuqaphela kakhulu kunenqubo yenqubo noma yenqubo, ngemisebenzi yokukhumbula noma yokuqaphela, inkumbulo ehlinzeka ngolwazi lokwenza inqubo. Emisebenzini elinganisayo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izivivinyo ze ukuqashelwa noma inkumbulo. Le nkumbulo igcinwa ku-MLP ukuze yenziwe isebenze lapho ulwazi oluhlobene luvela ku-MCP, futhi imelelwa ngamanethiwekhi esiphakamiso, yenziwa isebenze amanethiwekhi okuhlongozwayo, ebiza uBroadbent amashadi agelezayo. Zimelela ulwazi isifundo ngasinye esinalo futhi sizama ukuhlanganisa ulwazi oludala nesisha, sandise inethiwekhi yolwazi. Okusho ukuthi, ihlala isebenza kumemori yesikhathi eside ukuze inkumbulo yesikhashana ikwazi ukuyithola uma kukhona ulwazi okubonakala sengathi luhlobene. Lolu lwazi lumelwe amanethiwekhi esiphakamiso noma amanethiwekhi okugeleza (ngokusho kwe-Broadbent) futhi umbono usekelwe kokubalulekile kwe-Ausubel ngemva kokufunda futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise amanethiwekhi (inhloso yamanethiwekhi ukukhulisa amanodi).

2. INKONZO YENKQUBO:

Iqukethe ulwazi lwe ukwenziwa kwamakhono. Icushwa inkumbulo ememezelayo. Ingabe inkumbulo ashukumisayo, uma icushiwe ishintsha ulwazi olugciniwe. Uma le nkumbulo isicushiwe, isebenza ngokushesha nangokuzenzakalelayo. Ingxenye yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ihilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwale nkumbulo.

Inkumbulo yenqubo noma yenqubo Iqukethe ulwazi lwendlela yokwenza okuthile, indlela yokusebenzisa ulwazi olusenkumbulweni eyisimemezelo, futhi eyenziwa lusebenze yilo. Kuyinkumbulo enamandla kakhudlwana, uma yenziwe yasebenza umphumela awugcini nje ngokuba yinkumbulo yolwazi kodwa futhi nokuguqulwa kolwazi olunikeziwe, futhi uma selulwazi kahle lusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ulwazi oluphuma kule nkumbulo luncike ekuzijwayezeni nasempendulweni, yingakho ngokuvamile kuthatha iminyaka ukufakwa esakhiweni esivamile sokusebenza sesihloko. Isibonelo: Sifunda ukugibela ibhayisikili futhi siyalithola ngokuhamba kweminyaka.

Yileyo nkumbulo enolwazi lokwenza uchungechunge lwamakhono, lawa makhono enziwa inkumbulo ememezelayo. NgokukaGagné, kuzobe kusekelwe olwazini olunemibandela (uma uhlangabezana nezidingo, lokhu kungenzeka, noma uma ngenza lokhu, lokho kungenzeka); Ngokungafani nenkumbulo ememezelayo, inamandla kakhulu, ngendlela yokuthi uma umphumela ucushiwe ungabi inkumbulo elula kodwa ukuguqulwa kolwazi olunikeziwe, uma isikwazi kahle isebenza ngokushesha noma ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngoba iwulwazi olungafani nenkumbulo ememezelayo. lokho kuncike ekusebenzeni futhi impendulo inomlingisi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo; ngakho-ke kuthatha iminyaka ukufakwa ku-dynamics yesihloko, kodwa futhi kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngokungafani nenkumbulo ememezelayo ihlala isikhathi eside ngesikhathi.

3. IKHUMBULU YESIFUSHANE, YOKUSEBENZA NOMA ESEBENZAYO:

En inkumbulo yesikhashana noma yokusebenza ukujoyina okumemezelayo kanye nenqubo. Uma kubhekwa lokhu, ithiyori ka-Anderson ibhekisela ezigabeni ezi-3, lezi zigaba azibheki nje kuphela emakhonweni emoto kodwa nasekuxazululeni izinkinga, ekuthathweni kwezinqumo noma ekubunjweni komqondo. Izigaba ezintathu ezilandelanayo zizochazwa ngezansi.

U-Anderson ubheka ukuthi ukufunda kwenzeka ezigabeni ezintathu ezithuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo futhi akubhekiseli nje kuphela emakhono emoto, kodwa namakhono ahlobene, njengokuxazulula izinkinga, ukwenza izinqumo kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa ngezigaba. Kubhekiselwa kumakhono emoto (okujwayelekile kwenkumbulo yenqubo), amakhono ahlobene nokuxazulula izinkinga, ukuthathwa kwezinqumo nokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba. Lezi zigaba ezintathu yileso esichazayo-esichazayo, leso esibhekise ekuguqulweni kolwazi nesinye sezinqubo zokulungisa.

• Inkundla ye-DECLARATIVE-INTERPRETIVE:

Iqala ulwazi ngendlela yokuthi ulwazi olufinyelela ohlelweni lubhalwe ngekhodi kumemori ememezelayo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yamanodi. Amanodi amaningi aba ngcono. Ijwayele ukuguquguquka kodwa ibe nobunzima ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwenkumbulo yesikhashana. Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ulwazi oluzenzakalelayo, yingakho sidlulela esigabeni sesi-2. Ukuze uvule isikhala solwazi olusha olungenayo. Ukufunda kuqala kulesi sigaba, ulwazi olutholwe ngaphandle lubhalwa ngekhodi ngochungechunge lwamanethiwekhi. Uthi lokhu kungenzeka kube ngesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani kufanele kwenzeke uhlelo lokuzenzela, okwenza ukufunda kuphumelele ezigabeni ezilandelayo.

Kubhekiselwa ekufundeni okuqala lapha ngendlela yokuthi ulwazi oluvela ngaphandle lufakwe enkumbulweni ememezelayo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yama-node, lube nezinhlamvu eziguquguqukayo futhi luletha ubunzima ngenxa yomthamo olinganiselwe wenkumbulo yesikhashana. Ukufunda kuqala lapha. Ulwazi oluvela ngaphandle lubhalwe ngekhodi kumemori ememezelayo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yamanodi. Iyavumelana nezimo futhi iletha ubunzima ngenxa yomthamo olinganiselwe we-MCP. Yingakho idinga izigaba ezimbili ezilandelayo. Lesi sigaba siqukethe ingxenye yethiyori yolwazi.

*Isibonelo: Yiba nolwazi ngebhayisikili, yiziphi izingxenye ezenziwe ngalo nokuthi yini edingekayo ukuze uliphathe.

• UKUGUQULWA KOLWAZI:

Guqula ulwazi lokumemezela lube yinqubo; Isho ukuhlanganiswa noma ukuguqulwa kolwazi lube yizinqubo. Yenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili:

Ukwenza inqubo Inqubo lapho ulwazi olugcinwe kuma-nodule luguqulwa lube ukukhiqizwa. Le nqubo ikhiqiza izinguquko zekhwalithi olwazini njengoba lwenziwa lusebenze ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngokushesha. Kuxhumene nokuzijwayeza. Kwenza ulwazi olugcinwe kwinkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane njengamaqhuqhuva aguqulwa abe ukukhiqizwa, ngenxa yale mikhiqizo ulwazi lwenziwa lusebenze ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo senkumbulo, okungukuthi, lushintsha ulwazi lokumemezela ukuthi iyiphi inqubo. Ulwazi olugcinwe kuma-node luhunyushwa kwaba imikhiqizo, lokhu kubangela izinguquko ezisezingeni eliphezulu olwazini njengoba kuvumela ulwazi ukuthi lucutshungulwe ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngokushesha enkumbulweni.

Isiqephu esilandelayo sithi Ukwakheka à Imayelana nokuhlangana kwemikhiqizo ehlukene ukwenza eyodwa. Kwenza amaketango ahlukene okukhiqiza akhiwe kwinqubo yokuqala ahlangane abe munye. Ukulandelana kwemikhiqizo ehlukene eyenzekile ngenxa yezinguquko kunqubo encane yangaphambilini. Ngiguqula ulwazi lwethiyori lube olwazini olungokoqobo, kodwa ukulungisa engikwenzayo ukuze ngikwenze kusebenze kuhlukile esifundweni ngasinye ukuze isikimu sami sokuqala ngaphambi kokugibela ibhayisikili, isibonelo, singafani nesikimu sokuqala somunye umuntu. Iwukuqamba okuvela ekufundeni okusha. Isib: Ukugibela ibhayisikili. Usebenzisa ulwazi lwangaphambili owawunalo (esigabeni sokuchaza-ukuhumusha) futhi wenze isenzo.

• IZINQUBO ZOKULUNGISA:

Ku-Anderson kukhona ezintathu: Ukujwayelekile, ukubandlulula kanye nokuqinisa.

* Isibonelo: Ingane encane ifundiswa ukuthi isilwane esinemilenze emine nomsila yinja. Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ingane ikholelwa ukuthi zonke izilwane ezinalezi zici ziyinja. Esigabeni sokucwasa ihlukanisa kodwa kwezinye izilwane, futhi ekuqinisweni ayigcini ngokucwasa kodwa iphinde ihlukanise izici zesilwane ngasinye.

Kuyinqubo eyakhiwe izindlela ezintathu ezizenzakalelayo:

Ukujwayela  Ububanzi engibusungule bamanodi noma amanethiwekhi engiwusebenzisa kukho konke okuqukethwe, uma kukhona ukufana. Kwenyusa ulwazi ngenani eliphezulu lezimo ezingenzeka. Isho ikhono lokukhulisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo ofundiwe ngenxa yokufana kwezimo ezintsha ezethulwa kimi. Kuqukethe ukwandisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo noma ukwandisa inani lemikhiqizo.

Ukucwasa ukunciphisa ububanzi bomkhiqizo. Lo mkhiqizo engiwufundile unobubanzi obunomkhawulo wohlelo lokusebenza. Lobo bubanzi buzobhekisela ekuhlukeni kwesimo ngasinye esifana nalesi esibonakala kimi. Isho ukukhawulela umkhuba wokusebenzisa umkhiqizo.

 Ukuqinisa ekwenzayo ukugcina ukukhiqizwa okunokufana okungenzeka futhi okunamandla ngokukhiqiza okufanayo, futhi kugcina ukukhiqizwa okungenzeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe. Leyo mikhiqizo esondelene kakhulu isala. Eziqine kakhulu yilezo okungenzeka ukuthi zisetshenziswe.

I-RUMELHART IYAQHUBEKA ULWAZI Tª:

Khuluma ngolwazi ngokwakhiwa kwe-schema. Ama-schemas imiqondo etholakala ohlelweni lokucubungula ulwazi, ayizinqubo zengqondo eziqukethe kokubili ulwazi namakhono. Futhi akha isu lokumela ulwazi esilugcine enkumbulweni. Izikimu ziyizakhiwo zengqondo ezisekela ulwazi namakhono omuntu. Iwumshini osivumela ukuthi simelele ulwazi esinalo enkumbulweni kokubili esikhathini esifushane nangesikhathi eside. Umgomo uwukuhlaziya ukuthi ulwazi lumelelwa kanjani nokuthi lolo lwazi olugciniwe lusetshenziswa kanjani.

Ku-Rumelhart, ama-schema imiqondo etholakala ohlelweni lokucubungula ulwazi. Bahlose ukuhlaziya ukuthi ulwazi lumelwe kanjani nokuthi ulwazi olugciniwe lusetshenziswa kanjani. Ukuhlangabezana nalezi zinhloso inochungechunge yemisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ezintathu:

• Ukufaka amakhodi: Kuyinqubo lapho ulwazi lukhethwa, lufinyezwe, luhunyushwe futhi ludidiyelwe. Kubandakanya uchungechunge lwezinqubo:

Kukolunye uhlangothi ukukhethwa: Hlukanisa ulwazi olubalulekile kulokho okungelona. Okudingekayo ukuze ukukhethwa kuncishiswe ukuthi kunohlelo olufanele kumemori, ukuthi lucushiwe nokuthi ulwazi oluvela ngaphandle lubalulekile. Ukukhetha kuyinqubo lapho kuhlonzwa khona ulwazi olubalulekile. Imibandela yokukhetha iwukuthi uhlelo oluhlobene lukhona enkumbulweni, ukuthi luyakwazi ukwenziwa lusebenze nokuthi kubalulekile ukufakwa kuleyo sistimu eyenziwe yasebenza.

Ngemva kokukhetha, into elandelayo enikezwayo ukukhipha, okuwukukhipha okubaluleke kakhulu, ukukhohlwa izingxenye zesibili noma ezingabalulekile, ukuze kuvinjwe i-MCP ekubeni igcwale. I-Abstraction isho ikhono lomuntu lokukhipha ingqikithi yalolo lwazi, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukungalayishi kakhulu i-MCP ngolwazi.

Okulandelayo yi- ukuhumusha, okuhlanganisa ukwenza iziqondiso kusuka olwazini olukhethiwe ukuze kube lula ukuqonda kwalo. Kuyikhono lesihloko ukwenza iziqondiso ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho ukuhlanganisa, okuwukufakwa kwezinto osezikhethiwe kakade ezinhlelweni osuvele unazo. Lokhu kusho ukuguqulwa kwe-schema noma ukwakhiwa kwe-schema esisha solwazi. Ulwazi olusha oluhunyushiwe lufakwe ezinhlelweni ebesivele sinazo.

• Ukubuyisela:

Imisebenzi yesikhumbuzo noma yokuqaphela eyenza amaphethini asevele ahlanganiswe kumemori. Umsebenzi wokuqashelwa ulula kunowokukhumbula. Ngenkumbulo noma imisebenzi yolwazi eyenza amacebo abevele enawo.

• Ukuqonda Iziqondiso

Ihlanganiswe nama-hypotheses kanye nemibono. Uhlelo lunikezelwe ekubhaleni ngekhodi, ukubuyisa ulwazi, nokwenza umqondo walo. Ama-hypotheses kanye nemibono yizindlela zokuqonda.

Ingabe i-Rummelhart schemas imele ulwazi futhi ingagcinwa futhi ibuyiswe kanjani?

• Ziyizinhlaka zolwazi ezinolwazi ngamavelu okuguquguqukayo noma umqondo ongawathatha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda.
• Banekhono lokungena komunye nomunye ngokwakha isigaba sabaphathi.
• Bamele imiqondo ejwayelekile.
• Bamele ulwazi lwe-episodic kanye ne-semantic.
• Acushwa kuphela uma ingxenye yawo yenza.

Ngokuka-Rummelhart, ama-schema amelwe ngamanethiwekhi esiphakamiso. Lawa manethiwekhi ayizakhiwo zolwazi ezinolwazi mayelana nomqondo. Futhi banekhono lokungena komunye nomunye ngesakhiwo se-hierarchical. Zimelela kokubili ulwazi olujwayelekile nolwesiqephu noma lwe-semantic futhi zenziwa zisebenze kuphela uma ingxenye yazo yenza.

Ku-Rumelhart, bangaba izinhlobo ezintathu zokufunda: Ukukhula, ukulungiswa kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha.

• Ukukhula:

Indlela eyisisekelo isistimu ethola ngayo idatha. Kodwa ulwazi olufundwayo aluguquli ukwakheka kolwazi engivele nginalo. Ngalokho udinga izinqubo ezididiyelwe, ukulungiswa nokuhlelwa kabusha. Ukufunda amaqiniso, akuguquli ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kwezinhlelo noma kukhiqize izikimu ezintsha. Ukuze wenze lokhu udinga ezinye izinqubo ezimbili.

• Ukulungiswa:

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyindlela yokuhlola noma yokuguqula izikimu. Kwenziwa lapho ulwazi oluvela ngaphandle lungangeni njengoba lukuhlelo engivele nginalo. Ukulungiswa kwenzeka lapho ngikwazi ukufaka i-node kuzimo ezihlukene, ezimeni ezihlukene. Ukulungiswa kuwumphumela wokuzijwayeza. Ivula ukuhlolwa kwezinhlelo ezitholakalayo ngokushintsha amanani anikezwe i-schema, yenze ulwazi olugciniwe lube jikelele. Ukulungiswa kuwumphumela wokuzijwayeza, ukuguqulwa noma ukunwetshwa kwenkambu lapho lolu hlelo lusetshenziswe khona kunomphumela oyisisekelo.

• Ukuhlela kabusha:

Ngakha inethiwekhi entsha yolwazi njengomphumela wenqubo yokulungisa. Iqukethe ukwakhiwa kwezikimu zolwazi olusha. Uhlelo luningiliziwe noma lushintshiwe. Izinqubo zesifaniso noma ukuncishiswa kokungeniswa zihilelekile. Iqukethe ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezintsha. Kwenziwa ngokungeniswa kanye nesifaniso (kubhekisela emiqondweni efanayo).

U-Rummelhart uyaqonda ukuthi ukufunda kufana nenqubo eyakhayo njengoba kungagcini nje ngokuthola imbobo ezinhlelweni esenazo kakade, kodwa futhi kukhiqiza isakhiwo esisha solwazi.

I-GAGNÉ INFORMATION PROCINGATION Tª:

Ku-Gagné, ulwazi lumelwe ngengqondo ngochungechunge lwezinhlelo ezihlobene. U-Gagné ubeka isisekelo kancane phakathi kwesingathekiso sesibili nesesithathu. Ulwazi lwe-Gagné lumelwe ngeziphakamiso, ukukhiqizwa, izithombe nemidwebo.

Ulwazi lumelwe ngokwengqondo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nezizimele. Ziyiziphakamiso, ukukhiqizwa, izithombe kanye nemidwebo.

Isiphakamiso iyinkumbulo ememezelayo yangaphambili. Isb: Ibalazwe lomqondo. Bakha amayunithi ayisisekelo olwazi, anjalo imibono ezihlobene enye nenye enkumbulweni ngamanethiwekhi esiphakamiso, okuyilawo adlulisa ulwazi lusuka kurejista yezinzwa luye ku-MCP kanye ne-MLP. Zonke iziphakamiso ezintsha zimelelwe emidwebeni egelezayo, emele ukuxhumana phakathi kolwazi olusha nolwazi olugciniwe (u-Ausubel ubiza lokhu kufunda okunenjongo). Bakha iyunithi eyisisekelo yolwazi, balungisa esikwazi njengemibono, lokhu kuhlobene komunye nomunye ngamanethiwekhi. Lawa manethiwekhi akha ukwakheka okucatshangelwayo ngoba awabonakali kodwa akha indlela lapho ulwazi ludlula khona lusuka kwinkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane luye kwinkumbulo yesikhathi eside.

Ukukhiqiza qoqa kuleyo nethiwekhi ulwazi lwe izenzo, kanye nombandela wokuthi lawo maqiniso athathwe. Ukuqonda njengokuthi "Ngenza okuthile uma futhi uma". Ngithola ukugcina ulwazi oluvela phesheya ngezinga okwenzeka ngalo uchungechunge lwezimo. Khuluma ngobudlelwano: Yebo ... Bese.

Izithombe  ziyizethulo ze-analog ezivumela ukusebenza ngolwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi amandla e-MCP anomkhawulo. Kwesinye isikhathi enziwa asebenze ngokuzenzakalela futhi kwabanye abantu kufanele ubazise. Ziyizethulo ze-analogi ezivumela ukusebenza ngolwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka uma kubhekwa umthamo olinganiselwe we-MCP. *Isibonelo: isingathekiso.

Amasu bahlela izinhlaka zolwazi. Zingasetshenziswa ngokuqaphela noma zenziwe zisebenze ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ziyizindlela ezivumela ulwazi lokuhlela. Bangaqaphela (baqondisa ukubuyiswa kolwazi olugciniwe) noma baquleke noma bayazenzakalela.

Uchwepheshe unenani elikhulu lamanethiwekhi esiphakamiso, usebenzisa izikimu eziningi nezifaniso ngoba unokuhlaziya okujulile kolwazi. Esimeni semfundamakhwela, inamanethiwekhi esiphakamiso alula, ayisebenzisi izikimu noma ama-analogies, futhi igcina ulwazi olukha phezulu kakhulu.