Umthombo: JPlenio / Pixabay
Igama elithi "umlingo" lisuselwa kuLatin, Greek, Old Persian, futhi ekugcineni iProto-Indo-European Magh, "ukusiza, amandla, ukuba namandla," okuvela kuwo amagama athi "usomandla," "maharaja," "main," " futhi thola." can" kanye ... "umshini". Umbuthano uza umbuthano ogcwele nomthetho wesithathu kaClarke, othi: "Bonke ubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke ngokwanele abukwazi ukuhlukaniswa nomlingo."
Umlingo, njengenkolo, ugxile ngokujulile engqondweni yomuntu. Nakuba axoshwa emhlabeni ngokuphumelelayo, ubuya emcabangweni nasolimini, emishwaneni efana nokuthi "Kumelwe ngiqalekiswe" nokuthi "ungaphansi kwesilingo sakho"; ezindabeni zezingane nakwezinye izinganekwane; nasezinqubweni ezingokwengqondo ezinjengokukhansela, okubandakanya ukucabanga umcabango noma ukwenza isenzo ngenjongo yokuphika umcabango noma isenzo sangaphambili esingakhululekile.
Izibonelo zokulahlekelwa zihlanganisa ubaba ongekho obuya ngezikhathi ezithile ezomosha futhi aminyanise izingane zakhe, kanye nenkosikazi ethukuthele ejikijela umyeni wayo ipuleti bese izama "ukumbamba" ngokuyiminyanisa ngokumanga. Ubaba ongekho kanye nomfazi othukuthele abafuni nje ukuzihlenga ngokuziphatha kwabo, kodwa futhi, njengokungathi ngomlingo, "ukusula irekhodi."
Esinye isibonelo sokunqotshwa indoda elimaza amathemba omngane futhi ize emzini wayo ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa iphethe isipho esincane. Amasiko afana nokuvuma izono kanye nokuzisola, okungenani ezingeni elithile, ayindlela ehlanganisiwe nevunyelwe emphakathini yokuhlehliswa.
"Umlingo" kunzima ukuwuchaza futhi incazelo yawo isalokhu iyindaba-mpikiswano nempikiswano. Enye indlela yokuyiqonda iwukuqhathanisa futhi uyiqhathanise nenkolo ngakolunye uhlangothi nesayensi ngakolunye.
Ngokomlando, umpristi, udokotela, inyanga nesazi kwakungaba umuntu oyedwa: isangoma, umthakathi.
Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, ama-Presocratic afana noPythagoras no-Empedocles agqama njengama-mystics nabenzi bezimangaliso, noma mhlawumbe, njengoba igama elithi "ifilosofi" kukholakala ukuthi laqanjwa uPythagoras, njengezazi zefilosofi. UPythagoras wathi waphila izimpilo ezine futhi wazikhumbula zonke ngokuningiliziwe, wake wakubona ukukhala komngane wakhe owayefile lapho kukhonkotha umdlwane. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, amaPythagoras amenza unkulunkulu futhi athi wayenethanga legolide nesipho sokuhlala.
Encwadini kaPlato ethi Phaedrus, uSocrates uphikisa ngokuthi, eqinisweni, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlanya: eyodwa ewumphumela wesifo somuntu, kodwa enye iwumphumela wokukhululeka okuphefumulelwe ngokwaphezulu ekuziphatheni okuvamile okwamukelekayo. Loluhlobo lwaphezulu lobuhlanya, uSocrates uthi, lunezingxenye ezine: uthando, izinkondlo, ugqozi, nemfihlakalo, okuyisipho esikhethekile sikaDionysus.
Nakuba uSocrates, ngomqondo othile onguyise wokuhluzeka kwengqondo, ayengavamile ukusho ukuthi unolwazi lwangempela, wayezisholo ukuthi une-dæmon noma “into ethile yaphezulu,” izwi langaphakathi noma umcabango owawumvimbela ekwenzeni amaphutha angathi sína njengokuhileleka kwezombangazwe noma. ebaleka. E-Athene: "Yizwi enginomuzwa wokulizwa lihlebeza ezindlebeni zami, njengokukhala komtshingo ezindlebeni zomuntu ongaqondakali ..."
Kunokuba ibe into yesikhathi esidlule, lesi sihloko sefilosofi nomthakathi sasinda esakeni lase-Athene nasekuweni kweRoma, saqhubeka kwaze kwaba iNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa. Isazi sezomnotho uJohn Maynard Keynes, sithenga inqwaba yamaphepha ka-Isaac Newton, saphawula ukuthi uNewton kanye nezazi zefiziksi zosuku lwakhe “zazingebona ososayensi bokuqala, kodwa izazi zokugcina.” Ezinye izangoma eziphawulekayo kamuva zihlanganisa: uGiordano Bruno, Nostradamus, Paracelsus, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, no-Arthur Conan Doyle, yebo, uyise kaSherlock Holmes.
Nokho, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, iNtshonalanga iye yaba nobuhlobo obungakhululekile nomlingo, ngokuvamile ibheka njengento yangaphandle kanye "Yasempumalanga." Encwadini kaPlato ethi Meno, uMeno uqhathanisa uSocrates nenhlanzi eyi- torpedo eyisicaba, eyenza i-torpedo noma idonsele phansi wonke umuntu oza eduze kwakhe: “Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kuwukuhlakanipha kakhulu [ukusuka e-Athene], ngoba uma wenza kwenye indawo njenge-Athene, ungaboshwa. njengomthakathi."
Kuwo womabili amaGreki namaRoma, umlingo wawumelela ukubonakaliswa kwenkolo okungafanele futhi okungase kube nokuketula. Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka okuphikiswa kwemithetho, ngo-AD 357, uMbusi WaseRoma ongumKrestu uConstance II ekugcineni wawuvala umthetho ngokuphelele:
Akukho muntu oyobuza kuma-haruspex, isangoma noma isangoma, futhi ukuvuma okubi okwenziwa ngamabika nabaprofethi kufanele kuphele. AmaKaledi, izanusi, nabanye abavame ukubizwa ngokuthi abenzi bokubi ngenxa yobukhulu bobugebengu babo ngeke besakwazi ukwenza ubuciko babo obungcolile.
IBhayibheli liphinde lihlubuke emilingo, ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwekhulu, ezidonswa cishe nomaphi:
- Ngeke uvumele umthakathi aphile. — Eksodusi 22:18 .
- Ningababheki abazaziyo, ningafuni abathakathi ukuba ningcoliswe yibo; nginguJehova uNkulunkulu wenu. — Levitikusi 19:31 .
- Kepha amagwala, nabangakholwayo, nabanengekayo, nababulali, nabanolaka, nabathakathi, nabakhonza izithombe, nabo bonke abaqamba amanga, isabelo sabo siyakuba sechibini lomlilo nesibabule; lokhu kungukufa kwesibili. —IsAmbulo 21:8.
AmaKristu okuqala, mhlawumbe engazi, ahlobanisa umlingo nomcabango wezinganekwane, lapho yonke imvelo igcwele onkulunkulu nemimoya, futhi ngenxa yalokho nobuqaba futhi, ngokunwebekayo, namademoni. Phakathi neNguquko, amaProthestani asola iSonto LaseRoma, nezinkolelo-ze zalo, izinsalela zalo kanye nokukhipha imimoya engcolile, ngokuthi linomlingo ngaphezu kwenkolo, icala elasetshenziswa ngisho nangokwengeziwe kubantu abangewona amaKristu, futhi, okudume kabi, laba njengesizathu sokushushiswa. ukubusa kwamakoloni. kanye nokwenza ubuKristu ngezinga elikhulu.
Namuhla, umlingo, njengomcabango we-mythopoeic, uthathwa ngokuthi "owokuqala" futhi uye wahlehliswa kakhulu ezinganekwaneni nasekuhlanganiseni. Kodwa ngenxa yalokho, abantu baye bahlobanisa umlingo nentokozo nezimangaliso; futhi ngokuhoxa kobuKristu, okungenani eYurophu, amanani andayo aphendukela ohlotsheni oluthile lobuqaba njengendlela eya ekuthuthukisweni komuntu siqu nangokomoya.
Ngakho uyini ngempela umehluko phakathi komlingo nenkolo? Kuvame ukuphikiswana ngokuthi imilingo indala kunenkolo, noma ukuthi inkolo yavela emilingweni, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi yayikhona futhi yayingenakuhlukaniswa.
Kokubili umlingo nenkolo kungokwendawo engcwele, ezintweni ezikude kakhulu nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kodwa, uma kuqhathaniswa nenkolo, umlingo awuhlukanisi kakhulu phakathi kwemvelo nokungaphezu kwemvelo, okwasemhlabeni nokwaphezulu, abawayo nababusisiweyo. Futhi ngenkathi umlingo uhambisa umhlaba entandweni, inkolo ihambisa intando emhlabeni. Emazwini esazi se-anthropologist uClaude Lévi-Strauss (d. 2009), "inkolo ihlanganisa ukwenziwa komuntu kwemithetho yemvelo kanye nemilingo ekwenzeni izenzo zomuntu."
Ngakho-ke, umlingo uvame ukuhlobana nezindikimba ezithile futhi uhilela amasiko nemikhuba yangasese. Inkolo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivame ukuba nombono obanzi futhi ihilela ukukhulekela nobulungu bomphakathi. “Umlingo,” kusho isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu u-Emile Durkheim (owafa ngo-1917), “awunawo umphumela wokuhlanganisa labo abanamathela kuwo, noma wokubahlanganisa njengeqembu eliphila ukuphila okufanayo. Alikho iBandla Lemilingo.
Ngakho, umbono owodwa uwukuthi njengoba umuntu ezuza ukulawula okwengeziwe phezu kwemvelo, umlingo, njengoba wawubizwa kanjalo, walahlekelwa indawo engokwenkolo, okwathi, njengoba iwumphakathi futhi iyingxenye eyodwa, yakha isigaba sabefundisi esasifuna ukucindezela imikhuba eyayisongela izimfundiso zabo nokubusa. .
Kodwa manje inkolo nayo iyawohloka, ivuna isayensi. Iyini isayensi? Ngaphakathi kwezemfundo, empeleni, akukho mbandela ocacile noma othembekile wokuhlukanisa isayensi kokungeyona isayensi. Okungashiwo ukuthi zonke isayensi zabelana ngokuqagela okuthile okuyisisekelo sendlela yesayensi, ikakhulukazi ukuthi kukhona iqiniso elinenjongo elibuswa imithetho efanayo, nokuthi leli qiniso lingatholwa ngokubheka okuhlelekile.
Kodwa, njengoba ngishilo encwadini yami ethi Hypersanity: Thinking Beyond Thinking, yonke imibono yesayensi eye yafika futhi yadlula manje isibhekwa njengamanga, inganembile, noma ingaphelele, futhi kungaba ukungazi noma ukuzikhukhumeza ukucabanga ukuthi inkambiso yethu evamile ingalingana neqiniso. Iqiniso lonke futhi akukho lutho ngaphandle kweqiniso.
Isazi sefilosofi uPaul Feyerabend (d. 1994) saze sagomela ukuthi ayikho indlela "eyodwa" yesayensi noma "indlela" yesayensi: ngemuva kwe-facade, "konke kuvunyelwe" futhi, njengendlela yokuthi akekho ongaphezulu. kunenhlanhla kunomlingo noma inkolo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi isithathe indawo engqondweni yomuntu njengaleyo eyake yaba nayo inkolo. Nakuba isayensi yaqala njengenhlangano yenkululeko, isiphenduke inkolelo-mbono futhi incindezelo, ngaphezu kwendlela ephusile eholela ekuqhubekeleni phambili okungenakugwenywa.
Impendulo ivela ku- Feyerabend:
Ulwazi alulona uchungechunge lwemibono ehambisanayo ehlanganayo ibe nombono ofanele; kunalokho kuwulwandle olunwebekayo lwezindlela ezihlukile ezingahambelani (futhi mhlawumbe nezingenakulinganiswa), ithiyori ngayinye eyodwa, inganekwane ngayinye, inganekwane ngayinye eyingxenye yeqoqo ephoqelela ezinye ukuthi ziqhubeke ziphimisa futhi zonke zibe negalelo, ngokusebenzisa le nqubo yokuncintisana. , ekuthuthukiseni unembeza wethu.
I-trope evamile ezinganekwaneni eziqanjiwe "ukukhanya" komlingo: umlingo uyaphela noma uxoshiwe ezweni, elivalelwe ebusika obungapheli noma ukwehla okubulalayo noma okucindezelayo, futhi iqhawe liyabizwa ukuthi lisindise futhi libuyisele ukuphila. -Ukunikeza amandla kusukela kudala.
Kulula ukudweba ukufana nezwe lethu, lapho umlingo usuqedwe kancane kancane, okokuqala ngenkolo, okuthe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kuye kwanda ngokucindezela umlingo, bese kuba yisayensi, nokungabekezelelani kwayo.
Lapho sifunda izinganekwane ezimangalisayo, ngaso sonke isikhathi kuba ngasohlangothini lomlingo wakudala lapho sibeka khona izimpande, isikhathi lapho umhlaba, lapho ukuphila, kwakunenjongo khona ngokwawo.
Esihlokweni esilandelayo ngihlolisisa i-psychology nefilosofi yomlingo.
Amazwana Akamuva