Mhando huru dze psychotherapy

Kune akawanda uye akasiyana marudzi e psychotherapy mune psychology. Imwe neimwe mhando ye psychotherapy inoshanda senzira ye psychologists: inovatungamira kuburikidza nemaitiro ekunzwisisa vatengi nematambudziko avo, pamwe nekugadzira mhinduro mune yega yega.

Tinogona kuita categorization maererano nenzira dzakasiyana dze psychotherapy. Izvi zvinosanganisirwa mumapoka makuru mashanu:

1. Psychoanalysis uye psychodynamic therapies

Rudzi urwu rwe psychotherapy inotarisa pakuchinja maitiro edambudziko, manzwiro, uye pfungwa nekuwana zvazvinoreva zvisingazive uye zvinokurudzira. Psychoanalytically oriented therapies inoratidzwa nehukama hwepedyo hwekushanda pakati pemurapi nemurwere. Varwere vanodzidza nezvavo nekuongorora kudyidzana kwavo muhukama hwekurapa. Kunyange zvazvo psychoanalysis yakanyatsobatanidzwa neSigmund Freud, yakawedzerwa uye yakagadziridzwa kubva pakuumbwa kwayo kwekutanga. Psychoanalytic therapies ine hwaro hwakasimba hwekutsvagisa hunosimbisa kushanda kwavo.

Psychodynamic therapy ndeyekutaura. Zvikurukuru, murwere anotungamirirwa kutaura pamusoro pemifungo yavo nemanzwiro avo mukusonganirana vakasununguka (ndiko kuti, kutaura pasina kuvhiringidzwa pamusoro pezvinouya mundangariro), nedonzo rokuunza miitiro yokusaziva yokuzvibata kuchiedza. kuti zvive nyore kusvika.

Inobatsira pakuora mwoyo, kufunganya, kutya, uye chero munhu anofarira kuongorora pfungwa dzake.

Nguva yekurapa haina kugadziriswa, asi yakazaruka uye inogona kupedza makore maviri.

Zvikamu psychotherapy dzinoitwa kamwe kana kaviri pavhiki uye hadzina kurongeka.

2. Cognitive therapy

Cognitive therapy imhando ye psychotherapy Inosimbisa zvinofungwa nevanhu pane zvavanoita.

Kubva pane pfungwa yekuti tinogona kuita shanduko dzechigarire munzira yatinoita nekushandura mafungiro edu asina kunaka, kurapa kwepfungwa ndekwenguva pfupi uye kunyanya kune chinangwa, pasina kuongorora zvakapfuura zvemurwere. Murapi nemurwere vanoshanda pamwechete kuti vaone maitiro ayo murwere anoda kuchinja uye vobva vagadzira hurongwa hwekuita kuzadzisa zvinangwa.

Inobatsira pakuora mwoyo, kufunganya, kusagadzikana kwekudya, kusagadzikana kwemafungiro, uye phobias.

Nguva yekurapa ipfupi pane psychoanalysis, inowanzotora pakati pemwedzi mina neminomwe, nemisangano svondo rega rega kana mavhiki akati wandei.

Zvikamu psychotherapy iwo akaumbwa uye hukama nemurapi hunogona kunge hwakanyanya "bhizinesi-se" pane mamwe marudzi ekurapa. Mune mamwe mazwi, murwere nemurapi vanoshanda pamwe chete kuti vaone uye vachinje matambudziko ekufunga nemaitiro. Murwere anopiwa "basa remumba," iro rinosanganisira kuchengeta chinyorwa chepfungwa dzake, manzwiro, uye maitiro pakati pezvirongwa.

Kune akasiyana akasiyana ecognitive therapy, aya ndiwo makuru:

• Rational - manzwiro therapy (ERT): Zvinobva pakutenda kuti zvimwe zvishuvo zvisingadzoreki zvakadai serudo, kubudirira kana kushaikwa kwekugutsikana kweizvi nezvimwe zvishuwo zvemukati, zvinounza kuita kunokuvadza kana pfungwa dzisina musoro, saka kurapa kwakanangana nekugadziriswa kwezvitendero zvinokuvadza zvisina musoro.
• Behavioral therapy - cognitive: Uku kurapa kwakagadzirirwa kunyanya kukunda kuora mwoyo nekugadzirisa maitiro anokuvadza ekufunga nezvenyika yekunze neramangwana. Kune miitiro yemafungiro inokurudzira kutanga kwekuora mwoyo kwakadai sekuwedzera ruzivo, kukanganisa chokwadi uye kukudza kukosha kwezviitiko zvisingadiwi.
• Cognitive constructivist therapy: Mushonga uyu une chinangwa chekubatsira murwere kuti anzwisise nzira dzavo dzekuona nyika uye kushandura zvinhu zvisina musoro zvingavepo mavari.

3. Humanistic therapy

Rudzi urwu rwe psychotherapy inosimbisa kugona kwevanhu kuita sarudzo dzine musoro uye kukura kusvika pakugona kwavo kuzere. Ane hanya nokuchengeta ruremekedzo rukurusa nokuda kwavamwe munzira dzose.

Matatu matatu ekurapa kwevanhu ane simba zvakanyanya.

• Client-centered therapy: Mushonga uyu unopikisana nepfungwa yekuti varapi ndivo vane masimba pane zvakaitika mukati mevatengi vavo. Pane kudaro, nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinobatsira vatengi kuchinja, vachisimbisa kugona kwemukati kwemunhu wavanobvunza.
• Gestalt kurapwa: iyo inonzi "organicist holism" inoshandiswa, apo kusimbiswa kunoiswa pakukosha kwekuziva pano uye ikozvino, kugamuchira mutoro weumwe neumwe muupenyu hwake. Rudzi urwu rweexpoential therapy rinotarisa pane kuzvisarudzira, kuzvisarudzira, uye kutsvaga zvinoreva zviitiko zvehupenyu.
• Comprehensive kana holistic therapy: Vamwe varapi vanosarudza kusaenda kune imwe nzira. Panzvimbo iyoyo vanoshandisa musanganiswa wezvinhu kubva munzira dzakasiyana uye vanogadzirisa kurapwa kwavo kune zvinodiwa nemutengi wega wega.

4. Behaviour therapy

Uyu psychotherapy rinotarisa basa rekudzidza mukukura kwemaitiro akajairika uye asina kujairika.

Ivan Pavlov akaita zvipo zvakakosha pakurapa maitiro kuburikidza nekuwanikwa kwechinyakare conditioning kana associative kudzidza. Imbwa dzakakurumbira dzaPavlov, semuenzaniso, dzakatanga kumedzerera padzakaziva nezvebhero rake rekudya kwemanheru, sezvavanosanganisa ruzha nechikafu. Maitiro aya anonzi "desensitization" mune classical conditioning.

En psychotherapy inoshandiswa kumurwere, murapi anogona kukubatsira zvinobudirira ne phobia kuburikidza nekudzokorora kuratidzwa kune izvo zvinokonzera kufunganya kwako.

Mumwe mufungi akakosha aive Edward Thorndike, akawana "operant conditioning." Rudzi urwu rwekudzidza rwunotsamira pamibairo nezvirango kuumba maitiro evanhu.

Behavioral therapies inzira ye psychotherapy izvo zvinotarisa pakuchinja maitiro asina kufanira ehunhu kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemisimboti yekutanga yekudzidza, seyechinyakare uye inoshanda. Maonero aya ekurapa kwepfungwa anotsanangura kuti kusagadzikana kunokonzerwa nekusadzidza zvakanaka uye, nekudaro, kunogona kugadziridzwa uchishandisa nzira dzakafanana dzavakadzidzwa nadzo.

Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, basa remugadziri wehunhu rinobva pamapoinzi matatu:

• Kugadziriswa kwemaitiro azvino.
• Ipa murwere hunyanzvi hwavanoda kuti vabvise maitiro ekuzvibata anokonzeresa kusagadzikana.
• Gadzirisa kugona kwekuzvitarisira, ndiko kuti, kuti munhu anodzidza kushandisa nzira dzaanogona kushandisa kana zvasvika pakukunda matambudziko avo, kunyanya panguva dzavanenge vasipo nemurapi.

5. Systemic therapy

Chinangwa cheichi psychotherapy rinotarisa zvakanyanya pamapoka, uye rinoshandiswa kunzwisisa zvirinani basa renhengo yeboka yega-yega maererano nemashandiro avo ane hutano. Iyi mhando ye psychotherapy inonyanya kushanda kune vakaroorana, mhuri kana kunyange nharaunda. Iyo tekinoroji yakavakirwa pakuzivikanwa kwemaitiro chaiwo maitiro uye kuti nhengo yega yega inopindura sei kunetseka mukati meiyo general dynamics. Nenzira iyi, vatori vechikamu vega vanogona kutanga kunzwisisa nekushandura maitiro avo anochinjika uye ane pundutso maitiro.

Systemic therapy inovavarira kubatsira nhengo dzeboka kuwana hukama hwakanaka uye hwakachengeteka, kuitira kuti vavandudze kugara kwavo zvakanaka nekudyidzana kwavo. Mamiriro mazhinji akasiyana emakakatanwa uye nyaya dzinogona kurapwa nemazvo ne systemic therapy.

Iyi inoshanduka uye inozivikanwa zvakanyanya fomu ye psychotherapy inotenda kuti mhuri kana nharaunda chinhu chakakosha mukupora kwemunhu uye hutano hwepfungwa. Mhuri, vakaroorana kana nhengo dzesangano vanobatanidzwa zvakananga mukurapa kwavo kuitira kugadzirisa dambudziko, kunyange kana riri roga. Chimwe chezvishandiso chinoshandiswa murudzi urwu rwekurapa kutaurirana. Nhaurirano inovakwa nenzira yekufambisa kucherechedzwa nekuvandudzwa kwezivo, kusimba, uye kutsigirwa kwesangano rose.

Martha Guerri

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